Web3 is Going Just Great

Estimates by Chainalysis suggest that victims have lost a combined $1.3 billion (with a B) to the scam thus far.

The scheme's operators Sam Lee and Zijing "Ryan" Xu were also behind Blockchain Global, a collapsed company that operated the Australian ACX crypto exchange that collapsed in 2019. The company is in liquidation, and creditor claims are expected to surpass $50 million. Although Lee and Xu were reported for investigation to the Australian Securities & Investments Commission, ASIC did not take any action.

Lee has also been involved in other investment platforms, including two that are currently active: StableDao and We Are All Satoshi. Both platforms were the target of cease and desist letters from the Californian Department of Financial Protection and Innovation in September 2023, who described them both as "fraudulent pyramid and Ponzi scheme[s]".

The scam in question was a Ponzi scheme called EXW, in which the eight defendants stole at least €17.6 million (~$19.3 million) from at least 40,000 victims in late 2019 and 2020. The fraud later resurfaced under a different name. However, in court, the ex-girlfriend of the main defendant testified that the scam had actually brought in €80–100 million ($88—$110 million).

One of the defendants, who from reports seems to be the same one who just admitted his guilt in court, reportedly feigned being autistic when he was arrested by police, somehow earning himself enough time to erase the contents of his phone.

He and seven other defendants have been charged with fraud, money laundering, running a pyramid scheme, and operating a criminal organization.

"We found that by offering large amounts of cash with no limit barrier to entry, we encouraged heavy cheating on the platform and degraded the user experience for our legitimate player base who want a fair and safe place to play chess online," they wrote. Who could have guessed.

Somewhat ironically, they suggested that they may still intended to look into using web3 technology for "anti-cheat measures".

Now, Trump is hawking a new set of $99 NFTs, featuring the August 2023 mugshot taken in connection to his ongoing racketeering lawsuit. Those who purchase 47 of the NFTs — amounting to $4,653 plus fees — are promised a scrap of the suit Trump wore in the mugshot and a dinner with the president-turned-fulltime criminal defendant.

The fine print, however, reserves the possibility that neither promise will come through.

In addition to pulling off the original scam, the fraudsters also came up with a fake investigative agency called the "Federal Crypto Reserve", where they directed victims who were seeking to recover their losses.

The scammers were charged with wire fraud, money laundering, and obstruction of justice, which carry hefty maximum prison terms.

It appears the attacker was able to gain access to the smart contract admin key, which gave them the ability to upgrade the contracts to enable malicious functionality.

OKX announced that they would reimburse the losses, and pursue legal action against the exploiter.

KuCoin has admitted to allowing New Yorkers to trade securities and commodities on the platform, and representing themselves as an "exchange" without having registered as such.

In addition to paying the fine, KuCoin has agreed to shut down all New Yorkers' accounts in the coming months and prevent residents of the state from signing up for new accounts.

Because there was not sufficient liquidity for such a large trade at the going price, the trade was ultimately fulfilled, but at a 63% loss. Before the trade, that quantity of tokens was priced at around $2.28 million; however, Yearn received only around $780,000 in stablecoins because of the slippage.

Yearn quickly identified the issue and embarked on a campaign to ask nicely for the counterparties in the trade to please give some of their profits back. In on-chain messages, Yearn wrote: "one of yearns multisigs made a costly mistake last night that affected a critical source of yCRVs liquidity. we identified you as having made a profit off of this and are kindly requesting that you return as much as you see reasonable to yearns main multisig: ychad.eth. sorry we have to ask this, but hope you can understand." Doesn't hurt to ask, I guess. So far, only one wallet has taken them up on the offer, returning 2 ETH (~$4,400).

After tracing the attacker's attempts to launder the money through Tornado Cash and then obfuscate that it had come from the mixing service (something that raises flags at some exchanges), zachxbt observed the funds go to a broker of Magic: The Gathering based in the United States. Altogether, the hacker appeared to be spending millions on starter decks, alpha sets, and sealed boxes — often overpaying by 5-10%. These items routinely sell for hundreds or thousands of dollars.

The thief is probably a creative money launderer rather than an massive MTG fan, and is probably reselling the cards to further obscure the source of the money. Then again, MTG is more than a little addictive.

Kwon filed a last-ditch appeal of the extradition decision on December 6. A decision is scheduled on the matter by December 15. Milovic is unlikely to publicly announce Kwon's extradition destination until then.

Both South Korea and the United States have sought Kwon's extradition on criminal charges related to the Terra/Luna scheme. Federal prosecutors in the Southern District of New York indicted Kwon on eight fraud and market manipulation charges in March 2023. He and his company also face a civil lawsuit from the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Binance announced a compensation plan for users who purchased the token during an eligibility period and who were unable to resell, in an apparent attempt to placate the angry traders who accused Binance of "scamming" them by halting trading.

AEUR was issued by Anchored Coins, a Swiss stablecoin issuer.

Meanwhile, the founder of the Nostr social media platform has accused Nostr Assets of being an "affinity scam" by falsely suggesting in their platform name and $NOSTR token naming they are affiliated with the Nostr project. Nostr Assets has described the allegations as "unfounded", saying that their use of the Nostr network means the name is "pertinent", and suggesting that Nostr's founder has no basis to dictate who can use the Nostr name as it is a decentralized and open source project.

Robb, also known as "pokerbrat2019", convinced at least 11 people to give him a total of $1.2 million, which he said he would use to develop various MEV bots. Instead of doing so, he pocketed the money, offering a litany of excuses for why the project was continually delayed.

Robb had previously been convicted of a $4 million scam in 2002 after soliciting funds for an online gambling platform, instead using the money to buy a car and fund his own gambling.

Projects relying on these pre-built smart contracts will have to lock the old contract and deploy new ones, then provide new versions of tokens via airdrop or a claim page — a fairly disruptive process.

Major NFT marketplace OpenSea issued a statement that they were working with ThirdWeb about a vulnerability "impacting some NFT collections". Rarible also stated that some NFT collections on their platform were affected, including some on the Polygon sidechain. Coinbase and Base also disclosed that some projects on their platforms were vulnerable. Projects by groups including Cool Cats and Mocaverse will need to be migrated.

According to research group ScamSniffer, the attacker has stolen at least $5 million from at least 21 victims in the past four months.

As of December 4, Florence Finance had not publicly acknowledged the theft.

However, it turns out that Polygon allocated tens of millions of tokens to the DraftKings validator — far more than they allocated to other validators — on which DraftKings earned a highly unusual 100% of staking rewards. Polygon also sent the company 2.5 million of their MATIC tokens (priced at just over $1.5 million at the time), and it's unclear if this was a purchase by DraftKings or a transfer as a part of the deal.

In October 2023, Polygon kicked DraftKings off the network as the validator had failed to maintain performance standards. Throughout the period that the DraftKings maintained the validator, they earned millions of dollars through the undisclosed partnership.

After raising $1.7 million in seed funding in 2021, the site seems to have run out of runway. It merged with the CryptoSlam data aggregator in January 2023, but that apparently didn't help it sustain operations. The company appears to be trying to rebrand as "Forkast Labs", and is offering crypto data feeds.

Some applauded the decision, seeing the token hoarding as an unfair tactic that deprived others who wanted the tokens of their opportunity to buy any. However, some — particularly those who succeeded in buying tokens in the initial sale — worried that they were being "rugged" as the team threatened to destroy their tokens. Others objected based on the "code is law" ethos: "Basically we used ur platform and ur rules - u said ur selling at 500k mcap valuation and now changed it to 3m mcap valuation after it sold out - straight rug material u can't do that lmao", wrote one person on Twitter.

The move is likely tied to its bank charter, which was conditionally approved with a two-year period in which it was required to receive approval for its crypto business. SoFi had previously described discussions with the Federal Reserve "to determine whether there is a path to conform our crypto-related activities to the requirements of the Bank Holding Company Act" — this move suggests they decided there was not.

The Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission added Hounax to its warning list on November 1, a move that victims have criticized as much too late to stop the damage.

A person then claimed on Twitter to be the owner of the wallet, verifying the claim by signing a message from the wallet that paid the fee. They claimed that they had been hacked, and that an error on the attacker's part led to the huge fee payment. AntPool, the mining pool that mined that block and earned the huge fee, later agreed to return the fee, though it's not clear if or how they verified that the person to whom they're returning the fee wasn't in fact the attacker who had obtained control of the wallet.

A similar fee overpayment incident occurred in September, when the Paxos crypto firm erroneously paid a $500,000 fee to send $1,865. They attributed the huge fee to a bug in their software, and the F2Pool mining pool (who had mined the block and received the fee) opted to return the overpayment.

Shortly after the attack, the thief sent a message: "Negotiations will start in a few hours when I am fully rested." The KyberSwap team later responded to offer a 10% bounty, also seeming to praise the attacker: "You have done one of the most sophisticated hacks ser. That was high EV and everyone missed it."

The thief had other plans, though, ultimately issuing a list of "demands" which included "complete executive control" over the company and "surrender of all ... assets" to the hacker. They wrote that they had big plans for the network, and although they planned to dismiss all executives, they wrote that employees would be offered double salaries to continue their work. The hacker signed the message "Kyber Director".

Meanwhile, KyberSwap regained around $4.7 million after negotiations with the operators of front-running bots, who agreed to return 90% of the funds they obtained through frontrunning the hacker's transactions.

HTX suspended withdrawals as they investigated the hack, and wrote that the company would "fully compensate for HTX's hot wallet losses". Security firm Cyvers said they believed the theft was enabled by a private key leak.

Binance agreed to pay $4.3 billion in restitution for widespread wrongdoing including failure to implement proper anti-money laundering programs, unlicensed money transmitting, and sanctions violations. Binance will be allowed to continue operating, but will be subjected to a three-year-long monitorship program to ensure AML and sanctions compliance.

Simultaneously with the DOJ action, Binance reached agreements with the CFTC, FinCen, and OFAC on ongoing legal issues. Notably, the SEC lawsuit was not among those settled.

CZ posted a long thread on Twitter, admitting "I made mistakes, and I must take responsibility," carefully sidestepping mentioning what any of those mistakes were.

Now, after the Aragon Association decided without consulting the DAO to dissolve itself and wind down the project's governance tokens (while keeping some of the funds), the DAO has voted to sue the group. The DAO has accused the group of improperly taking investors' money to put it "into their new secretive company". They've allocated $300,000 to legal efforts.

Bittrex used to be a major player in the US cryptocurrency market, with over 20% of US market share in 2018. However, the exchange's dominance had dwindled to below 1% as of 2021.

The negotiation may involve a deferred prosecution agreement, in which the US would file a criminal complaint but agree not to prosecute so long as Binance met agreed conditions under a monitoring process.

It remains to be seen if this is the avenue the DOJ and Binance will go with. A Bloomberg source speculated that a decision could come within the next few weeks.

Furthermore, the SEC claims that Kraken commingled corporate and customer funds, "at times pa[ying] operational expenses directly from bank accounts that hold customer cash."

Kraken's new CEO, Dave Ripley, posted on Twitter that the company "plan[s] to vigorously defend [their] position" that they do not list securities.

According to Tether, they "voluntarily fr[oze] approximately 225 million in USDT tokens" in connection to the investigation.

Some romance scammers hoping to lure victims into sending them cryptocurrencies are themselves victims of human trafficking operations, where they are held victim and forced to send such messages.

The company launched its marketplace in September 2022, backed by $10 million from the DIGITAL venture fund.

The Blockchain Group is behind a number of different services, including a crypto wallet called Eniblock and an open source software bounty project called Bountysource. Users of the Bountysource project have been complaining about issues receiving payments since as far back as May 2023.

According to researcher zachxbt, who himself was one of the impersonated, the scammers have stolen more than $300,000 in various assets using this technique.

This is not the first time such a technique has been used — a scammer attempted a similar, though less successful, scheme in April 2022. Scams like this take advantage of the poor UX in the crypto world for tracking and revoking wallet permissions that have been granted, requiring people to use third-party websites created for this purpose. Some of them are legitimate, but there are many malicious copies of these revocation sites that prey upon users who may be acting quickly in fear that their assets are at risk.

Unciphered worked with various wallet providers to contact people whose wallets may be vulnerable, though ultimately it is up to those wallet holders to secure their funds by creating new wallets and transferring their tokens. Unciphered also noted that some Dogecoin, Litecoin, and Zcash wallets may be vulnerable due to shared code.

ScamSniffer identified one victim who lost almost 17,000 GMX (~$927,000) to this drainer after signing a malicious transaction.

Crypto researcher zachxbt observed that the wallet targeted for the theft had in 2019 received a transfer from the Binance deployer, suggesting that the compromised wallet may have some ties to Binance itself.

The attacker then went to convert the R into ETH, which they would then be able to launder and cash out. However, an error in the attacker's code caused 1,570 ETH ($3.25 million) to be sent to the burn address, rendering it permanently inaccessible to everyone including the hacker. Only 7 ETH remained. However, because they had to spend ETH to fund the attack, the hack ultimately resulted in a loss of 4 ETH (~$8,000) for the perpetrator. Oops.

As a result of the hack, the R stablecoin lost its dollar peg, plummeting down to around $0.70. Raft acknowledged the attack and announced that they had paused minting.

Agarwal sent a message to the thief shortly afterwards, offering a 10% "bounty" in exchange for the return of the rest of the funds. The attacker didn't seem to be interested, and in mid-January began tumbling the assets through the Tornado Cash cryptocurrency mixer.

Samudai didn't seem to publicly acknowledge the theft, even though they've posted on Twitter a few times since then. The organization had raised $2.5 million in pre-seed capital in June 2022.

Poloniex was initially tight-lipped, posting on Twitter that they had "disabled for maintenance" an exchange wallet. Justin Sun later updated that they were investigating the "hack incident", and promised to "fully reimburse" the massive theft... somehow. He later tweeted that they would offer a 5% "bounty" to the hacker if they returned the funds within a week, threatening to "engage law enforcement" otherwise.

However, Near later decided it would not honor the redemption, accusing Wintermute of trying to pull off an arbitrage trade with the distressed asset. They also, somewhat curiously, claimed that the funds that were provided to Wintermute by the FTX estate may have been the tied to illegal activities. Aurora also described Wintermute's claims as "unfounded", and accused Wntermute of "tr[ying] to exploit the programme to profit from the purchase of distressed assets from the Alameda estate".

Wintermute has promised to "pursue all legal avenues" against the Near Foundation and Aurora Labs.

The scam was allegedly orchestrated by Subhash Sharma, who has not been apprehended. This particular fraud was uncovered in September, but has been ongoing since as long ago as 2018.

One also might think that a company embroiled in constant racism accusations might be cautious about screening its employees.

Neither of these things happened, though, and someone dug up vile tweets by Shpend Salihu, better known as NGBxShpend. Salihu resigned shortly after the tweets came to light, writing that they had "become a distraction from the [Bored Ape Yacht] Club and what we're all about."

The going theory is that event organizers skimped on lighting costs by using UV lights intended for sanitization, not for entertainment, causing burns to the eyes and skin. The eye condition, photokeratitis, is better known as "snow blindness" or "welder's flash", as it more typically affects people who haven't worn proper eye protection while welding or while exposed to sunlight reflected from ice and snow.

Several attendees reported having to seek emergency medical treatment after experiencing excruciating eye pain and vision problems, and tweet threads began circulating giving various other ApeFest attendees advice on recovering from the painful condition.

Bored Ape creator Yuga Labs belatedly issued a tweet two days after the incident, claiming only a small fraction of attendees had experienced "eye-related issues", but encouraging anyone with symptoms to "seek medical attention just in case".

Sentencing is scheduled for March 28, 2024, though scheduling could be affected by factors including whether the US decides to continue pursuing an additional five charges also set to be tried in March.

After pulling off the hack, the attacker received the usual flood of on-chain messages from people asking them to share some of their ill-gotten funds. Unusually, the attacker followed through, ultimately sharing 19.5 ETH (~$36,000) out of their spoils.

Onyx is far from the first Compound fork to fail to patch known vulnerabilities and suffer hacks as a result. Hacks stemming from known Compound bugs, such as the attacks on Rari Capital and Sonne Finance, have netted tens of millions of dollars apiece for attackers in the past.

The other person with access to the wallet is a former Monero developer named "fluffypony", or Ricardo Spagni. He surrendered to US authorities in July 2023 for extradition to South Africa, where he has been charged with invoice fraud against a cookie company (think chocolate chip, not software). However, he was released in late September, and has been working to "address this matter" while free but under court supervision.